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腐殖酸钾（Potassium Humate，简称 KH）是腐殖酸与钾离子形成的有机酸盐，由褐煤、泥炭、风化煤等天然有机质经碱法提取、中和反应制得，是兼具有机营养与无机养分的多功能材料。
Potassium Humate (abbreviated as KH) is an organic acid salt formed by humic acid and potassium ions. It is produced from natural organic matters such as lignite, peat and weathered coal via alkaline extraction and neutralization reaction, and serves as a multifunctional material containing both organic nutrients and inorganic nutrients.
5.2特性
5.2 Properties
该物质以缩合多环芳烃为核心，通过醚键、酯键、亚甲基连接形成分子骨架，含酚羟基、羧基、羰基、甲氧基等活性官能团，空间结构疏松多孔，比表面积达 100～300m²/g，兼具离子交换与螯合性能。
This substance has a condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon core, with a molecular framework formed by ether, ester and methylene bonds. It contains active functional groups such as phenolic hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl and methoxy groups, and possesses a loose, porous structure with a specific surface area of 100–300 m²/g. It exhibits both ion-exchange and chelating properties.
5.3理化参数
5.3 Physicochemical Parameters
1. 物理参数
1. Physical Parameters
|
参数 Parameter |
典型值范围 Typical Range |
说明 Description |
|
外观 Appearance |
黑褐色至深棕色粉末或颗粒 Dark brown to blackish-brown powder or granules |
随原料和纯度由浅变深 Color varies from light to dark depending on raw materials and purity |
|
堆积密度 Bulk Density |
0.4~0.7 g/cm³ |
粉末较蓬松 Powder is loose and porous |
|
水分 Moisture |
≤15% (粉剂) / ≤3% (高浓度精品） ≤15% (Powder) / ≤3% High-purity refined product) |
水分越低品质越好 Lower moisture content indicates better quality |
|
细度 Fineness |
80~100 目（粉末） 80~100 Mesh (Powder) |
目数越高溶解越快 Higher mesh number brings faster dissolution |
|
溶解度 Solubility |
40~150 g/L（25°C水） 40~150 g/L (in water at 25°C) |
与分子量分布相关 Related to molecular weight distribution |
|
pH 值 pH Value |
8.5~10.5（1%溶液） 8.5~10.5 (1% Aqueous Solution) |
弱碱性 Weakly alkaline |
|
热分解温度 Thermal Decomposition Temperature |
>200℃ |
不宜高温制粒 Pelleting at high temperature is not recommended |
2. 化学参数
2. Chemical Parameters
|
参数 Parameter |
农业级典型值 Agricultural Grade Typical Value |
工业级典型值 Industrial Grade Typical Value |
说明 Description |
|
腐殖酸含量（HA）Humic Acid (HA) Content |
40~60% |
60~85% |
核心有效成分 Core active ingredient |
|
黄腐酸含量（FA） Fulvic Acid (FA) Content |
5~15% |
10~25% |
活性更高、易吸收 Higher activity & easy to absorb |
|
氧化钾（K₂O）含量 Potassium Oxide (K₂O) Content |
8~12% |
10~15% |
水溶性钾Water-soluble potassium |
|
水分 Moisture |
≤15% |
≤5% |
越低越好 The lower, the better |
|
水不溶物 Water Insoluble Matter |
≤10% |
≤3% |
杂质控制指标Impurity control index |
|
pH 值 pH Value |
9~11 |
8.5~10 |
碱性 Alkaline |
5.4应用
5.4 Applications
1. 农业应用领域
1. Agricultural Application Fields
(1) 土壤改良与修复
(1) Soil Improvement & Remediation
|
应用场景 Application Scenarios |
使用方式 Application Methods |
核心功效 Core Efficacy |
|
盐碱地改良 Saline-alkali soil improvement |
基施 / 冲施 Base application / Flushing application |
降低土壤 pH、减少 Na⁺危害 Reduce soil pH and mitigate hazards of Na⁺ |
|
酸性土壤调节 Acid soil conditioning |
基施 + 追施 Base application + Topdressing |
缓冲土壤酸化 Buffer soil acidification |
|
重金属污染修复 Heavy metal pollution remediation |
基施 Base application |
钝化 Pb、Cd 活性 Passivate activity of Pb and Cd |
|
有机质补充 Organic matter supplementation |
持续施用 Continuous application |
提升土壤有机质含量 Increase soil organic matter content |
(2) 肥料增效剂
(2) Fertilizer Efficiency Enhancer
|
应用场景 Application Scenario |
产品形式 Product Form |
增效机制 Efficiency Enhancement Mechanism |
|
氮肥增效 Nitrogen Fertilizer Efficiency Enhancement |
与尿素、碳铵复配 Compound with urea and ammonium bicarbonate |
减少氨挥发损失 30~50% Reduce ammonia volatilization loss by 30~50% |
|
磷肥增效 Phosphate Fertilizer Efficiency Enhancement |
与过磷酸钙、磷酸一铵复配 Compound with superphosphate and monoammonium phosphate |
减少磷固定，提高利用率 Reduce phosphorus fixation and improve utilization rate |
|
钾肥增效 Potassium Fertilizer Efficiency Enhancement |
与氯化钾、硫酸钾复配 Compound with potassium chloride and potassium sulfate |
促进钾离子吸收 Promote potassium ion absorption |
|
复合肥添加剂 Compound Fertilizer Additive |
掺混造粒 Blending and granulation |
提升肥料利用率 Improve fertilizer utilization rate |
(3) 作物生长促进
(3) Crop Growth Promotion
|
应用场景 Application Scenario |
使用方式 Application Method |
功效表现 Functional Performance |
|
根系发达 Root Development |
蘸根 / 滴灌 Root dipping / Drip irrigation |
促进根系伸长和侧根形成 Promote root elongation and lateral root formation |
|
抗逆性提升 Stress Resistance Improvement |
叶面喷施 Foliar spraying |
抗寒、抗旱、抗盐碱 Cold resistance, drought resistance and saline-alkali resistance |
|
品质改善 Quality Improvement |
全程施肥 Full-cycle fertilization |
提升蛋白质、糖度、色泽 Improve protein content, sugar degree and color |
|
增产效果 Yield Increase Effect |
常规用量 Conventional dosage |
增产 5~15% Increase yield by 5~15% |
(4) 水肥一体化
(4) Fertigation
|
应用场景 Application Scenario |
产品形态 Product Form |
技术要求 Technical Requirements |
|
滴灌 / 微灌 Drip Irrigation / Micro-irrigation |
水剂型 Liquid formulation |
全水溶、无沉淀、不堵滴头 Fully water-soluble, no precipitation, no dripper clogging |
|
叶面肥 Foliar Fertilizer |
水剂 / 可溶性粉剂 Liquid / Soluble Powder |
稀释倍数 1000~2000 倍 Dilution ratio: 1000~2000 times |
|
冲施肥 Flush Fertilizer |
粉剂 / 颗粒 Powder / Granule |
溶解快、杂质少 Fast dissolution, low impurity content |
2. 工业应用领域
2. Industrial Application Fields
|
应用领域 Application Field |
具体用途 Specific Application |
核心优势 Core Advantages |
|
钻井泥浆 Drilling Mud |
降滤失剂、增黏剂 Fluid Loss Control Agent, Viscosifier |
高温稳定、抗盐性好 High temperature stability and good salt resistance |
|
陶瓷减水剂 Ceramic Water Reducer |
陶瓷坯体减水 Water reduction for ceramic green body |
分散性好、流动性佳 Good dispersibility and fluidity |
|
混凝土外加剂 Concrete Admixture |
减水剂、引气剂 Water Reducer, Air Entraining Agent |
绿色环保、成本低 Eco-friendly and low cost |
|
电镀废水处理 Electroplating Wastewater Treatment |
重金属捕集剂 Heavy Metal Collector |
螯合能力强 Strong chelating capacity |
|
蓄电池极板 Storage Battery Plate |
膨胀剂（铅酸电池）Expander (Lead-acid Battery) |
提高容量和寿命 Improve capacity and service life |
|
畜牧业饲料 Animal Husbandry Feed |
饲料添加剂 Feed Additive |
吸附肠道毒素 Adsorb intestinal toxins |
3. 环保应用领域
3. Environmental Application Fields
|
应用场景 Application Scenario |
处理对象 Treatment Target |
作用机理 Mechanism of Action |
|
重金属废水 Heavy Metal Wastewater |
含 Pb、Cd、Hg 废水 Wastewater containing Pb, Cd, Hg |
螯合沉淀去除 Removal via chelating precipitation |
|
含酚废水 Phenol-containing Wastewater |
焦化、炼油、制药废水 Coking, oil refining and pharmaceutical wastewater |
吸附 + 氧化降解 Adsorption & oxidative degradation |
|
放射性废水 Radioactive Wastewater |
含 Cs⁺、Sr²⁺废水 Wastewater containing Cs⁺, Sr²⁺ |
离子交换 + 吸附 Ion exchange & adsorption |
|
土壤重金属修复 Soil Heavy Metal Remediation |
农田重金属钝化 Farmland heavy metal passivation |
稳定化处理 Stabilization treatment |
|
污泥调理 Sludge Conditioning |
市政 / 工业污泥脱水 Municipal /industrial sludge dewatering |
絮凝、降低含水率 Flocculation, moisture content reduction |
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